World Cultures and Customs Quiz | Music, Dance, Festivals and Traditional Crafts, Set 2

Tango developed among the urban lower classes of two port cities: Buenos Aires in Argentina and Montevideo in Uruguay. Customs associated with European immigrants, people of African descent, criollos and others interacted as tango developed through music, dance and poetry. It should therefore be understood as a shared urban culture of the two cities, not solely as a rural tradition of one country or an unchanged Spanish court dance.

Flamenco fuses cante, or song, baile, or dance, and toque, which includes the art of guitar playing. Hand-clapping, foot-stamping, castanets and other elements may also be used, but the tradition is not defined merely by costume or stage design. Focusing on dance alone would omit the emotions expressed through song, instrumental skill and transmission through families, social groups and flamenco clubs.

In a capoeira circle, two players engage at the center while the surrounding participants contribute through song, chants, clapping and percussion. The master plays an instrument, starts chants and guides the timing, rhythm and ritual code. Participants also learn knowledge and skill within the circle through observation and imitation. Treating it as a silent contest involving only the central pair would omit the essential roles of music, community participation and transmission.

Nowruz means "new day" and is an ancestral festivity celebrated around March 21 to mark the first day of spring and the renewal of nature. Special meals, new clothes, visits to family and friends and gifts for children also foster solidarity across families and generations, reconciliation and neighborliness. Names and detailed rituals vary across a wide region, but Nowruz is not an autumn harvest festival or a celebration of winter's beginning.

Vanuatu sand drawings are made by tracing a continuous line with one finger over an imagined grid in sand, volcanic ash or clay, but the finished image is not the whole tradition. Drawings function as communication and memory and connect with stories, songs, local history, kinship, farming, architecture and craft knowledge. The drawing process and bearers' interpretations therefore need to be transmitted with the pattern. Reducing the practice to tourist decoration risks losing its deeper symbolic meanings and social functions.

Al-Qatt Al-Asiri is an interior wall-decoration tradition in which women of Asir traditionally painted geometric patterns and symbols in spaces such as rooms used to receive guests. Women invited female relatives of different ages to work together, transmitting knowledge to the next generation through observation and practice. Men as well as women now practise the art, and it is applied to other surfaces, but this development does not erase its traditional bearers and setting.

Falconry is the tradition of training and flying birds of prey. It originally served to obtain food but now also functions as a social and recreational practice and a way of connecting with nature. It is transmitted through families, mentoring and training clubs, while modern practice also emphasizes safeguarding raptors, quarry and habitats. Intangible heritage inscription is not permission to disregard national wildlife-protection or hunting laws.

Garifuna culture connects the Arawakan Garifuna language, music and dance combining African and Indigenous elements, and oral traditions. Lyrics and stories preserve history and knowledge of cassava growing, fishing, canoe building, house construction and other practices. Preserving an instrument or sound in isolation would not transmit this whole cultural system. Effective safeguarding therefore works with bearers and combines opportunities to use the language with performance and education.

Reggae emerged from a cultural space associated with marginalized groups, especially in western Kingston. Jamaican ska developed into rock steady and then reggae while incorporating influences from the Caribbean, North America and elsewhere. Reggae can express social commentary, resistance, liberation, love, humanity and spirituality, although not every work has the same theme. Its 2018 inscription is not the date the music was created.

Traditional mariachi centered on stringed instruments, while modern ensembles may include trumpets, violins, the vihuela and the bass guitarrón. Learning by ear has been a principal means of transmission, with skills and a wide repertoire passed on through families and performances at festive, religious and civil events. Preserving only costumes or song titles, or reducing the ensemble to trumpet alone, would omit ensemble musicianship and transmission through performance.