Japanese and World History | Society, Trade and Independence Basics, Set 2

Food resources available year-round, together with the planned separation of dwellings, graves and storage, point to an organized community living continuously in one place. That is what characterizes Sannai-Maruyama; it is not evidence of the later paddy tax system or of mounted pastoralism.

The kango was a split tally, one half checked against the register, and it served the Ming side as a means of authenticating an official mission ship. The point is not the pricing of goods or the management of sailing schedules but the identification of legitimate tribute and trade vessels.

Taking weapons from the peasantry and confining them to farming both curbed uprisings and advanced the separation of warrior from farmer. It was neither a policy of disarming everyone including the warriors nor one that strengthened peasant armies.

Cash payment based on land value made it easier for the government to know its revenue as a sum of money, which helped stabilize public finances. But because the annual harvest itself was not the tax base, the amount did not automatically fall in proportion to a poor harvest.

The Iwakura Mission had both a diplomatic aim — preliminary negotiations on revising the unequal treaties — and an investigative one, observing the institutions and culture of Western countries. Full treaty revision was not, however, achieved during the mission.

The stele collects many rulings pairing a condition with a consequence, showing how a Mesopotamian ruler administered justice. The idea of proportionate punishment is not the same as licensing revenge beyond the harm suffered.

The Columbian Exchange was a many-sided process in which not only goods but people, plants and animals, culture and disease moved between the hemispheres. Crops went to the Old World while livestock and infectious disease came to the Americas, so it cannot be described as one-way trade.

That a slave revolt led to emancipation and the founding of an independent state showed that the subjugated could overturn both slavery and European colonial rule. What matters is that it changed the relationship of rule itself, rather than reforming from within while leaving the colonial system in place.

Indian independence can be seen as a process combining the growth of a nationalist movement through long-running non-violent protest with negotiations between the British government and the main parties after the Second World War. Congress and the Muslim League were also at odds, and independence came with partition into India and Pakistan.

Gathering states and movements immediately after independence and fostering the cooperation that fed into the later regional organization shows Ghana acting as a catalyst and a base of support for African decolonization. It did not treat independence as a matter for itself alone.