IT Passport Examination (IP) | Technology Questions on Databases, Networks, Cloud, and Performance 09

The tables share customer ID, so joining on that field associates each order with its customer name. Copying the customer name into every order row duplicates the same fact and can create inconsistency when a name changes. Simply appending rows also does not establish which customer belongs to each order.

Separating customer name and address into a Customers table lets the organization update one authoritative address, while orders reference it by customer ID. This applies normalization to reduce duplication and update anomalies. Changing the format of duplicated data or increasing manual updates leaves the underlying inconsistency risk in place.

The stoppage is a circular wait in which X and Y each wait for the other's lock. If both acquire resources in the same order, a process that cannot acquire A will not already be holding B, making this cycle less likely. A timeout and cancellation can recover from a deadlock, but retaining the opposite lock order does not prevent its cause.

First restore the database to its midnight state from the backup, then roll it forward with the subsequent update logs to approach the state before 10:00. Restoring only the backup loses later changes. Update logs are change records and normally cannot reconstruct the complete database without a baseline backup.

The data size is 20 MB × 8 = 160 Mb. Effective transmission speed is 10 Mbps × 0.8 = 8 Mbps, so transmission time is 160 Mb / 8 Mbps = 20 seconds. Using the nominal 10 Mbps directly produces 16 seconds but ignores the 80% utilization specified in the question.

VLANs divide devices into logical LANs even when they share physical switching infrastructure, so broadcast domains can be separated by department. If communication between the VLANs is needed, routing and access controls must also be designed. Giving devices the same MAC address creates identification conflicts and does not provide logical segmentation.

The requirements emphasize small, infrequent messages, battery life, and broad coverage, which fit LPWA. LPWA generally targets low-power, wide-area IoT communication rather than high-speed transmission of large video streams. Actual selection should also consider distance, radio conditions, the specific standard, pricing, and required speed.

Because millisecond-level response and operation during a link outage are required, safety decisions should run near the data source on an edge device. The cloud can handle long-term storage, fleet-wide aggregation, and model updates. If every decision depends on a round trip to a remote cloud, network latency and outages directly affect immediate control.

SaaS fits the requirement to use a complete email application over a network without building the server and application platform. IaaS supplies infrastructure such as virtual servers, leaving more operating-system and mail-software construction and management to the customer. Even with SaaS, the organization still manages its accounts, permissions, endpoints, and data.

TCO evaluates not just acquisition cost but the total cost over the target period, including operation, maintenance, and training. The comparison period and cost scope must be consistent across proposals. A proposal with a higher initial cost may still have a lower three-year TCO if automation or other features reduce ongoing expenses.